Difference between revisions of "Virtual Machines"

Latest revision as of 19:37, 4 August 2021

Introduction

Welcome to the virtual machine section of the website, where we will cover virtual machine (VM) languages and platforms like the TIC-80 and Javascript.

TIC-80

TIC-80 is a fantasy computer for making, playing and sharing tiny games and demos.

There are built-in tools for development: code, sprites, maps, sound editors and the command line, which is enough to create a mini retro game. At the exit you will get a cartridge file, which can be stored and played on the website.

Also, the game can be packed into a player that works on all popular platforms and distribute as you wish. To make a retro styled game the whole process of creation takes place under some technical limitations: 240x136 pixels display, 16 color palette, 256 8x8 color sprites, 4 channel sound and etc.

Setting up

As the TIC-80 fantasy computer is an all-in-one creation and execution platform, setting up TIC-80 is very easy:

Just go to the https://github.com/nesbox/TIC-80/releases page

and download the package for your platform of choice (Windows, OSX, Linux and even Raspberry Pi).

Or if you are just curious you can just start doodling online at http://tic80.com/

Getting started

//script: js

The main function used for updating the screen (and called 60 times a second) is the TIC() function, so this function is also a requirement for doing anything with graphics. Additionally you can also setup a sub=function SCN() that is called once per scanline at the costs of more bytes/characters.

Most animated effects will also need to use some kind of a timer, so you are likely to also use the built-in time() function or keep track of your time (t) yourself as well.. So a minimal setup would look something like this:

function TIC()t=time()
-- your effect code
end

A full overview of the TIC80 memory map and most common used function is available in this handy TIC80 cheatsheet, as well as the TIC80 wiki page.

https://zenithsal.com/assets/documents/tic-80_cheatsheet.pdf

Video display

The TIC-80 has a 240x136 pixel display with 16colors which can be accessed via a wide range of graphics functions or by writing directly to VRAM at memory address 0x0000 using the poke4 instruction.

Draw functions

There are a couple of built-in drawing functions you can use:

cls(color=0)
pix(x,y[color]) [-> color]
circ(x,y,r,color) -- filled circle
circb(x,y,r,color) -- border circle
rect(x,y,w,h,color) -- filled rect
rectb(x,y,w,h,color) -- border rect
line(x0,y0,x1,y1,color)
tri(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,color)
textri(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,u1,v1,u2,v2,u3,v3,use_map=false,colorkey=-1)
print(text,x=0,y=0,color=15,fixed=false,scale=1,smallfont=false) -> width

Getting something on screen

Here is a bit of code to get you started:

function TIC() 
t=time()/99
for y=0,136 do for x=0,240 do
pix(x,y,(x>>3~y>>3)+t)
end;end;end

Which will display an animated XOR pattern.

Color Palette

Unfortunately for us sizecoders, the pre v0.8 TIC-80 came with a different palette than the now standard (and much more friendly) sweety16 palette (https://lospec.com/palette-list/sweetie-16).

But because of backwards compatibility, this old palette is also the default palette that is being used when now palette chunk is defined in the TIC cart.

So you can get around this limitation by either setting a palette yourself with code, or shuffling around with your color-index.

Select the Sweetie16 by using the 0x11 chunk

From the verion 0.9b version and beyond you can initialise the new default sweetie16 palette at startup by adding a 0x11 Chunk to your TIC-80 cartridge. Normally a chunk would contain 4 bytes of header + data, but as this chunk has no data, it is possible to omit the extra 3 bytes of chunk-header if you place it at the end of your TIC cartridge. The new TIC-Packer linked below has the option to do this for you.

Setting your own color palette

Probably the easiest way to get some color over your colors is to setup your own palette by writing to the palette area located at 0x3fc0 like so:

for i=0,47 do poke (0x3fc0+i,i*5)end

This produces a nice grayscale palette of 16 shades to work with.

Color index shuffling

Alternatively, you can shuffle your color indices a bit to get 'somewhat workable' colors. A couple of examples for this are

• (color)&10 - Some grey/blue shade
• ((color)&6)-3 - A Nice shade of Dark-cyan-white color
• (color)^2 - A shade of brown/yellowish colors

But feel free to experiment yourself as well and let us know on discord if you find something cool.

Sound

The TIC-80 has soundregisters and 32 byte waveforms to access which are located at address 0FF9C in memory.

0FF9C SOUND REGS 72 18 byte x 4 ch
0FFE4 WAVEFORMS 256 16 wave/ 32x4b each
100E4 SFX 4224 64 sounds

Make some noise

The easiest way to get 'some' sound going is to bitbang the sound-registers and hope for the best, for example:

TIC=function()for i=0,71 do poke(65436+i,(time()/7.2)%64)end end

A more the "proper" way involves something like : define the waveform yourself (f.e. sawtooth), repeatedly (because for some reason one time is not enough), then write low part of the frequency to one byte, and the high nibble combined with the volume to another)

TIC=function()
for i=0,31 do poke4(2*65438+i,i/2) end -- setup waveforem
t=time()/10 
-- write frequencies
poke(65436+0,t%256) 
poke(65437+0,(t/65536)%16+240)
end

But as you can see this costs considerably more bytes to setup.

Compression And Release

When you are happy with your intro and want to get it ready for release, it becomes time to look at squeezing those last bytes. As a goal-post, you should always aim to have your uncompressed effect around the target size, and work from there.

Final optimisation can be done by stringing as much code together on single lines and removing any extra spaces and whitelines. A rule of thumb for this is that of the first or last character of a variable or function isn't a valid hex number (i.e. A-F) you can omit whitespace (so that: x=0 y=0 z=0 can become x=0y=0z=0)

Now as a final step you can use a python script to convert your (LUA) Script to a empty TIC Cartridge with a single ZLIB compressed code block (https://bitbucket.org/WaterEnVuur/tic80-packer/src/master/)

However, creating a TIC cartridge file adds a 4 byte header and if your code is already pretty tight, you can expect to have only a 3-5% compression rate, so it sort of evens out.

Exporting Video as Animated GIF

The TIC80 environment has a neat feature that lets you export your intro directly as an animated GIF file to converted to video later, by Pressing the F9 key to start and stop recording. However, there is a default recording limit capped to a fixed number of frames or seconds. You can change this in the tic80 config to a bigger number to match your recording-size.

If your intro is taking up too many resources and starts chugging a bit on your machine, it can be wise to make a version that steps through time lineary by adding a number to your t variable yourself instead of using the time() function.

Online version: Metadata and Thumbnail image

When uploading the intro to the TIC80 website for an playable online version, you will need to build a new TIC file with some added some meta-data and Thumbnail image (You can take this snapshot using the F7 key) and use this as you online version.

The Meta data is added at the top of your intro as follows

-- title: My intro
-- author: scener
-- desc: my first sizecoded TIC-80 intro
-- script: lua (or moon/wren/js/fennel)

Additional Resources

Sizecoding on the TIC-80 is still in its infancy, but luckily there is already plenty of information to get you started!

• TIC-80 Wiki page https://github.com/nesbox/TIC-80/wiki
• TIC-80 One page cheat sheet (PDF) https://zenithsal.com/assets/documents/tic-80_cheatsheet.pdf
• TIC-80 Intros and demos on Pouet (Press F1 for code): https://www.pouet.net/prodlist.php?platform%5B%5D=TIC-80
• TIC-80 TIC Cartridge File Format (from TIC-80 Wiki) https://github.com/nesbox/TIC-80/wiki/tic-File-Format
• TIC-80 Packer https://bitbucket.org/WaterEnVuur/tic80-packer/src/master/

Javascript

The Javascript sizecoding community has been quite active for years now.

Setting up

• Tools: JSCrush online JSCrush cli-tool Reg Pack
• Execution environment(s): Browser, Dwitter

Video display

No information yet

Sound

Something to get your journey started:

• Generate Sounds Programmatically With Javascript

More information to follow

Additional Resources

• JS1k

Tutorials / Postmortems

• I made 7 demos in 2 weeks for js1k
• Demystifying JSCrush

More to follow